Assessing Radiation Exposure and Contrast Agent Utilization: A Comparative Analysis of the Woven EndoBridge Device and Stent-Assisted Coil Embolization for Managing Unruptured Wide-Neck Bifurcation Aneurysms.

PURPOSE: In this study, we determined whether there were significant differences in procedure time, radiation dose, fluoroscopy time, and total contrast media dose when unruptured wideneck bifurcation aneurysms (WNBAs) were treated with the Woven EndoBridge (WEB) device and stent-assisted coil (SAC) embolization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The WEB device and SAC embolization (14:17) were used to treat 31 cases of internal carotid artery bifurcation, anterior communicating artery, middle cerebral artery bifurcation, and basilar bifurcation aneurysms between August 2021 and December 2022. The procedure time, radiation dose, fluoroscopy time, and total contrast medium dose between the 2 treatment groups were compared and analyzed. In the WEB device group, the results between operators were compared, and the follow-up radiologic outcomes were investigated. RESULTS: The procedure and fluoroscopy times were significantly shorter in the WEB device group. Radiation and total contrast media dose were also significantly smaller in the WEB device, but there was no significant difference in results between operators. The follow-up radiological outcome showed adequate occlusion in 83.3% (10/12) of cases. CONCLUSION: The WEB device can be used as an alternative treatment method among the available endovascular treatment methods for WNBAs to reduce radiation exposure and the dose of contrast media when used adequately with appropriate indications.

Engineered Hybrid Vesicles and Cellular Internalization in Mammary Cancer Cells.

Extracellular vesicles play an important role in intercellular communication, with the potential to serve as biomaterials for nanocarriers. Combining such extracellular vesicles and liposomes results in advanced drug delivery carriers. In this study, we attempted to fabricate hybrid vesicles using a membrane fusion method and incorporated an anticancer drug. As a result, we successfully prepared nanosized uniform hybrid vesicles and evaluated their physicochemical characteristics and intracellular uptake mechanisms via endocytosis in various cell lines. Compared to liposomes, the hybrid vesicles showed better physical properties and a relatively higher reduction in cell viability, which was presumably dependent on the specific cell type. These findings suggest that fusion-based hybrid vesicles offer a novel strategy for delivering therapeutic agents and provide insights into the types of extracellular vesicles that are useful in fabricating hybrid vesicles to develop an advanced drug delivery system.

Clinical Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor (TSH PitNET): A Single-Center Experience.

BACKGRUOUND: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-secreting pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (TSH PitNET) is a rare subtype of PitNET. We investigated the comprehensive characteristics and outcomes of TSH PitNET cases from a single medical center. Also, we compared diagnostic methods to determine which showed superior sensitivity. METHODS: A total of 17 patients diagnosed with TSH PitNET after surgery between 2002 and 2022 in Samsung Medical Center was retrospectively reviewed. Data on comprehensive characteristics and treatment outcomes were collected. The sensitivities of diagnostic methods were compared. RESULTS: Seven were male (41%), and the median age at diagnosis was 42 years (range, 21 to 65); the median follow-up duration was 37.4 months. The most common (59%) initial presentation was hyperthyroidism-related symptoms. Hormonal co-secretion was present in four (23%) patients. Elevated serum alpha-subunit (α-SU) showed the greatest diagnostic sensitivity (91%), followed by blunted response at thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation (80%) and elevated sex hormone binding globulin (63%). Fourteen (82%) patients had macroadenoma, and a specimen of one patient with heavy calcification was negative for TSH. Among 15 patients who were followed up for more than 6 months, 10 (67%) achieved hormonal and structural remission within 6 months postoperatively. A case of growth hormone (GH)/TSH/prolactin (PRL) co-secreting mixed gangliocytoma-pituitary adenoma (MGPA) was discovered. CONCLUSION: The majority of the TSH PitNET cases was macroadenoma, and 23% showed hormone co-secretion. A rare case of GH/TSH/PRL co-secreting MGPA was discovered. Serum α-SU and TRH stimulation tests showed great diagnostic sensitivity. Careful consideration is needed in diagnosing TSH PitNET. Achieving remission requires complete tumor resection. In case of nonremission, radiotherapy or medical therapy can improve the long-term remission rate.

The effect of oxygen supply using perfluorocarbon-based nanoemulsions on human hair growth.

Hair dermal papilla cells (hDPCs) play a crucial role in hair growth and regeneration, and their function is influenced by nutrient and oxygen supply. A microenvironment with significantly low oxygen (O2) levels, known as anoxic conditions (<0.2%) due to oxygen deficiency, hinders hDPC promotion and retards hair regrowth. Here, a nanoemulsion (NE) based on perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB), a member of the perfluorocarbon family, is presented to provide a sustainable O2 supply and maintain physical stability in vitro. The PFOB-NE has been shown to continuously release oxygen for 36 h, increasing and maintaining the O2 concentration in the anoxic microenvironment of up to 0.8%. This sustainable O2 supply using PFOB-NE has promoted hDPC growth and also induced a complex cascade of effects. These effects encompass regulation via inhibiting lactate accumulation caused via oxygen deficiency, increasing lactate dehydrogenase activity, and promoting the expression of genes, such as the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 family and NADPH oxidase 4 under anoxic conditions. Sustained O2 supply is shown to enhance human hair organ elongation approximately four times compared to the control under anoxic conditions. In conclusion, the perfluorocarbon-based NE containing oxygen proves to be an important strategic tool for improving hair growth and alleviating hair loss.

Microsurgical treatment of distal middle cerebral artery aneurysm: A single-center review.

OBJECTIVE: To review the characteristics of distal middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysm treated by microsurgery, the detailed surgical options, and the clinical result. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed cerebral aneurysm in the M2 and M3 segments of the MCA surgically treated between January 2015 and December 2022. The demographic data, aneurysm-related findings, type of surgical approach, surgical technique, and clinical outcomes of the enrolled patients were analyzed. RESULTS: Sixteen distal MCA aneurysms were treated with microneurosurgery (incidence, 1.0%; female, 12; mean age, 58.1 years; ruptured, three). Twelve aneurysms were in the M2 segment (insular segment), two aneurysms at the M2-M3 junction, and two aneurysms in the M3 segment (opercular segment). Twelve aneurysms were saccular (average size, 4.9 mm; multiplicity, 50%; average aneurysms, 3.0; partially thrombosed, 1; sidewall aneurysm, 2). Three aneurysms were fusiform, of which two were ruptured. Of the ruptured aneurysms, one was a ruptured dissecting aneurysm. The trans-sylvian and trans-sulcal approaches were used in fourteen and two patients, respectively. Neck clipping, wrap clipping, and surgical trapping were performed in twelve, one, and one patient, respectively. Proximal occlusion was performed in one patient. Bypass technique was required in two patients (neck clipping and proximal occlusion). The modified Rankin Score was 6 in the two patients with ruptured aneurysms. The remaining patients did not show further neurological deterioration after microneurosurgery. CONCLUSIONS: Distal MCA aneurysms had a high incidence of being diagnosed with multiple other aneurysms and were relatively non-saccular.

Anti-seizure medication response and the glymphatic system in patients with focal epilepsy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We aimed to evaluate (i) glymphatic system function in patients with focal epilepsy in comparison with healthy controls, and (ii) the association between anti-seizure medication (ASM) response and glymphatic system function by using diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS). METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled 100 patients with focal epilepsy who had normal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and classified them as "poor" or "good" ASM responders according to their seizure control at the time of brain MRI. We also included 79 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. All patients and healthy controls underwent conventional brain MRI and diffusion tensor imaging. The DTI-ALPS index was calculated using the DSI studio program. RESULTS: Of the 100 patients with focal epilepsy, 38 and 62 were poor and good ASM responders, respectively. The DTI-ALPS index differed significantly between patients with focal epilepsy and healthy controls and was significantly lower in patients with focal epilepsy (1.55 vs. 1.70; p < 0.001). The DTI-ALPS index also differed significantly according to ASM response and was lower in poor ASM responders (1.48 vs. 1.59; p = 0.047). Furthermore, the DTI-ALPS index was negatively correlated with age (r = -0.234, p = 0.019) and duration of epilepsy (r = -0.240, p = 0.016) in patients with focal epilepsy. CONCLUSION: Our study is the first to identify, in focal epilepsy patients, a greater reduction in glymphatic system function among poor ASM responders compared to good responders. To confirm our results, further prospective multicenter studies with large sample sizes are needed.

Correlation between contrast leakage period of procedural rupture and clinical outcomes in endovascular coiling for cerebral aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE: Intraprocedural rupture (IPR) is a fatal complication of endovascular coiling for cerebral aneurysms. We hypothesized that contrast leakage period may be related to poor clinical outcomes. This study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the relationship between clinical outcomes and contrast leakage period. METHODS: Data from patients with cerebral aneurysms treated via endovascular coiling between January 2010 and October 2018 were retrospectively assessed. The enrolled patient's demographic data, the aneurysm related findings, endovascular treatment and IPR related findings, rescue treatment, and clinical outcome were analyzed. RESULTS: In total, 2,859 cerebral aneurysms were treated using endovascular coiling during the study period, with IPR occurring in 18 (0.63 %). IPR occurred during initial frame coiling (n=4), coil packing (n=5), stent deployment (n=7), ballooning (n=1), and microcatheter removal after coiling (n=1). Tear sites included the dome (n=14) and neck (n=4). All IPRs were controlled and treated with coil packing, with or without stenting. Flow arrest of the proximal balloon was not observed. Temporary focal neurological deficits developed in two patients (11.1%). At clinical follow-up, 14 patients were classified as modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0, three as mRS 2, and one as mRS 4. The mean contrast leakage period of IPR was 11.2 min (range: 1-31 min). Cerebral aneurysms with IPR were divided into late (n=9, mean time: 17.11 min) and early (n=9, mean time: 5.22 min) control groups based on the criteria of 10 min of contrast leakage period. No significant between-group differences regarding clinical outcomes were observed after IPR (p=1). CONCLUSIONS: In our series, all patients with IPR were controlled with further coil packing or stenting without proximal balloon occlusion within 31 min of contrast leakage. There was no difference in clinical outcomes when the long contrast leakage period group and short contrast leakage period group were compared.

Acute Onset of Syndrome of the Trephined After Lumboperitoneal Shunt Placement: A Case Report.

Decompressive craniectomy is widely recognized as a life-saving emergency operation for the treatment of increased intracranial pressure; however, it can lead to severe complications, such as "syndrome of the trephined." Cerebrospinal fluid diversion, particularly after lumboperitoneal shunting, can affect the occurrence of this disease and worsen the symptoms. We report an acute case of this syndrome after lumboperitoneal shunting in a patient who had previously undergone decompressive craniectomy. The patient rapidly fell from a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of 14 to a comatose state and a GCS of 4 only in 2 days. After cranioplasty, the patient recovered fully; however, this took a prolonged period.

Increasing discrepancy of MR imaging and CSF study in patients with leptomeningeal seeding from lung adenocarcinoma after targeted therapy using a tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the correlation between contrast-enhanced (CE) MRI and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology for the evaluation of leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) on MRI after targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the data of nonsmall cell lung cancer patients registered with NCT03257124 from May 2017 to December 2018, with progressive disease despite targeted therapy. Twenty-nine patients whose MRI scans exhibited LM at the time of registration were enrolled. During the targeted therapy with osimertinib, MRI scans, and subsequent CSF examinations were performed in every 2 months. In total, 113 MRI scans and CSF cytology data after treatment were collected. For each CE MRI scan, LM positivity was evaluated on 3D T1-weighted image (T1WI) and 2D FLAIR. The correlation between MRI and CSF cytology results and the diagnostic performance of MRI with CSF cytology as a reference standard were evaluated. RESULTS: After treatment, MRI revealed positivity for LM in 81 and negativity in 32. CSF results were positive in 69 examinations and negative in 44. The diagnostic accuracy of CE 3D T1WI and 2D FLAIR was 0.52 and 0.46, respectively. After targeted therapy, discrepancy in the CSF and MRI results tended to increase over time. The proportions of concordant MRI and CSF cytology results after targeted therapy were 66%, 58%, 62%, and 47% at the first, second, third, and fourth follow-up, respectively. CONCLUSION: The discrepancy of MRI in evaluation of LM and CSF cytology increases over time after targeted therapy with osimertinib. LM positivity on MRI could be a surrogate imaging marker in the pre- and immediate posttargeted-treatment with Osimertinib but not after sessions of osimertinib.

Differentiation between multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder using a deep learning model.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) are autoimmune inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) with similar characteristics. The differential diagnosis between MS and NMOSD is critical for initiating early effective therapy. In this study, we developed a deep learning model to differentiate between multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) using brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. The model was based on a modified ResNet18 convolution neural network trained with 5-channel images created by selecting five 2D slices of 3D FLAIR images. The accuracy of the model was 76.1%, with a sensitivity of 77.3% and a specificity of 74.8%. Positive and negative predictive values were 76.9% and 78.6%, respectively, with an area under the curve of 0.85. Application of Grad-CAM to the model revealed that white matter lesions were the major classifier. This compact model may aid in the differential diagnosis of MS and NMOSD in clinical practice.

Development and Evaluation of Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System for Improving Oral Absorption of Poorly Water-Soluble Olaparib.

The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) to improve the oral absorption of poorly water-soluble olaparib. Through the solubility test of olaparib in various oils, surfactants and co-surfactants, pharmaceutical excipients were selected. Self-emulsifying regions were identified by mixing the selected materials at various ratios, and a pseudoternary phase diagram was constructed by synthesizing these results. The various physicochemical properties of microemulsion incorporating olaparib were confirmed by investigating the morphology, particle size, zeta potential, drug content and stability. In addition, the improved dissolution and absorption of olaparib were also confirmed through a dissolution test and a pharmacokinetic study. An optimal microemulsion was generated in the formulation of Capmul® MCM 10%, Labrasol® 80% and PEG 400 10%. The fabricated microemulsions were well-dispersed in aqueous solutions, and it was also confirmed that they were maintained well without any problems of physical or chemical stability. The dissolution profiles of olaparib were significantly improved compared to the value of powder. Associated with the high dissolutions of olaparib, the pharmacokinetic parameters were also greatly improved. Taken together with the results mentioned above, the microemulsion could be an effective tool as a formulation for olaparib and other similar drugs.

Racial disparities in telehealth use during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on initial infertility consultations. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. SETTING: Fertility practice in an academic medical center. PATIENTS: Patients presenting for initial infertility consultation between January 2019 and June 2021 were randomly selected for prepandemic (n = 500) and pandemic (n = 500) cohorts. EXPOSURE: Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was a change in the proportion of African American patients using telehealth after pandemic onset compared with all other patients. Secondary outcomes included presentation to an appointment vs. no-show or cancellation. Exploratory outcomes included appointment length and in vitro fertilization initiation. RESULTS: The prepandemic cohort vs. the pandemic cohort had fewer patients with commercial insurance (64.4% vs. 72.80%) and more African American patients (33.0% vs. 27.0%), although the racial makeup did not differ significantly between the two cohorts. Rates of missed appointments did not differ between the cohorts, but the prepandemic cohort vs. the pandemic cohort was more likely to no-show (49.4% vs. 27.8%) and less likely to cancel (50.6% vs. 72.2%). African American patients, compared with all other patients, during the pandemic were less likely to use telehealth (57.0% vs. 66.8%). African American patients, compared with all other patients, were less likely to have commercial insurance (prepandemic: 41.2% vs. 75.8%; pandemic: 57.0% vs. 78.6%), present to their scheduled appointment (prepandemic: 52.7% vs. 73.7%; pandemic: 48.1% vs. 74.8%), and cancel vs. no-show (prepandemic: 30.8% vs. 68.2%, pandemic: 64.3% vs. 78.3%). On multivariable analysis, African American patients were less likely (odds ratio 0.37, 95% confidence interval 0.28-0.50) and telehealth users were more likely (odds ratio 1.54, 95% confidence interval 1.04-2.27) to present to their appointments vs. no-show or cancel when controlling for insurance type and timing relative to the onset of the pandemic. CONCLUSION: Telehealth implementation during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic decreased the overall no-show rate, but this shift did not apply to African American patients. This analysis highlights disparities in insurance coverage, telehealth utilization, and presentation for an initial consultation in the African American population during the pandemic.

Complete genome sequence of a tentative novel capillovirus isolated from Gerbera jamesonii.

The currently named gerbera virus A (GeVA) has been shown to be a novel capillovirus with a complete genome of 6929 nucleotides (nt) (GenBank accession no. OM525829.1). GeVA was detected in Gerbera jamesonii using high-throughput RNA sequencing analysis. The GeVA genome is a single linear RNA with two open reading frames (ORF), similar to those of other capilloviruses. The larger ORF encodes a polyprotein containing four domains, while the smaller ORF encodes a movement protein. The complete genome had 41.0-54.9% nt sequence identity to other those of capilloviruses, while the polyprotein and the movement protein had 26.5-36.4% and 13.1-32.2% amino acid (aa) sequence identity, respectively. Two UUAGGU promoters for subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) transcription were also identified in this study. BLAST analysis demonstrated that the GeVA genome shared the highest sequence similarity with rubber tree capillovirus 1 (MN047299.1) (complete nucleotide sequence identity, 68.54%; polyprotein amino acid sequence identity, 44.53%). Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome and replication protein sequences placed GeVA alongside other members of the genus Capillovirus in the family Betaflexiviridae. These data suggest that GeVA is a new member of the genus Capillovirus.

Tailored antiplatelet therapy in stent assisted coiling for unruptured aneurysms: a nationwide registry study.

BACKGROUND: Antiplatelet therapy, where regimens are tailored based on platelet function testing, has been introduced into neurointerventional surgery. This nationwide registry study evaluated the effect and safety of tailored antiplatelet therapy in stent assisted coiling for unruptured aneurysms compared with conventional therapy using a standard regimen. METHODS: This study enrolled 1686 patients in 44 participating centers who received stent assisted coiling for unruptured aneurysms between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2019. The standard regimen (aspirin and clopidogrel) was used for all patients in the conventional group (924, 19 centers). The regimen was selected based on platelet function testing (standard regimen for clopidogrel responders; adding cilostazol or replacing clopidogrel with other thienopyridines (ticlopidine, prasugrel, or ticagrelor) for clopidogrel non-responders) in the tailored group (762, 25 centers). The primary outcome was thromboembolic events. Secondary outcomes were bleeding and poor outcomes (increase in modified Rankin Scale score). Outcomes within 30 days after coiling were compared using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The thromboembolic event rate was lower in the tailored group than in the conventional group (30/762 (3.9%) vs 63/924 (6.8%), adjusted OR 0.560, 95% CI 0.359 to 0.875, P=0.001). The bleeding event rate was not different between the study groups (62/762 (8.1%) vs 73/924 (7.9%), adjusted OR 0.790, 95% CI 0.469 to 1.331, P=0.376). Poor outcomes were less frequent in the tailored group (12/762 (1.6%) vs 34 (3.7%), adjusted OR 0.252, 95% CI 0.112 to 0.568, P=0.001). CONCLUSION: Tailored antiplatelet therapy in stent assisted coiling for unruptured aneurysms reduced thromboembolic events and poor outcomes without increasing bleeding.

Evaluation of the machinability and machining accuracy of polymer-based CAD/CAM blocks using merlon fracture test model.

The aims of this study were to estimate the machinability and machining accuracy of polymer-based CAM blocks using the merlon fracture test model specified in ISO 18675: 2022. Three hybrid disc blanks (MazicDuro, HC Disk, and Enamic) and three polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) disc blanks (PMMA Disk, PMMA Block, and MazicTemp Hybrid) were tested in this study. The machinability was evaluated by assigning scores according to the fracture range of merlons with areas divided by ten vertical planes. The machining accuracy was evaluated by superimposing methods via CAD reference data and CAD specimen data. Within the limits of this study, a thickness of 0.3 mm is recommended for the clinical application of polymer-based CAD/CAM blocks in dental restorations that require superior machinability and accuracy. In addition, the machinability and machining accuracy tests of polymer-based CAM blocks are expected to provide guidelines for preparing accurate dental restorations.

Usefulness of Pointwise Encoding Time Reduction with Radial Acquisition-Magnetic Resonance Angiography after Endovascular Treatment for Intracranial Aneurysms.

PURPOSE: Imaging follow-up after endovascular treatment is important; however, time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (TOF-MRA) has limitations associated with magnetic susceptibility and radiofrequency shielding caused by the stent and coils. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of pointwise encoding time reduction with radial acquisition (PETRA)-MRA after endovascular treatment for intracranial aneurysms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 186 patients with 211 aneurysms who underwent both pointwise encoding time reduction with radial acquisition- and time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography in the same imaging session for follow-up after endovascular treatment. We subjectively graded the overall image quality, visualization of treated sites, and occlusion status. RESULTS: Although the overall image quality scores of pointwise encoding time reduction with radial acquisition-magnetic resonance angiography were significantly lower than those of time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography for both observers (4.04 ± 0.81 vs. 4.85 ± 0.35 [observer 1], 4.60 ± 0.69 vs. 4.94 ± 0.24 [observer 2]) (both P < .001), the visibility of treated sites using pointwise encoding time reduction with radial acquisition-magnetic resonance angiography was significantly better than that of time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography overall (4.27 ± 0.97 vs. 3.42 ± 1.01; P < .001), in the distal internal carotid artery (4.46 ± 0.79 vs. 3.40 ± 1.00; P < .001), and in the middle cerebral artery (4.19 ± 0.93 vs. 3.08 ± 0.53, P = 0.007). Pointwise encoding time reduction with radial acquisition-magnetic resonance angiography showed a higher area under the curve than time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography for the evaluation of treated aneurysm occlusion, except for posterior circulation aneurysms. CONCLUSIONS: Pointwise encoding time reduction with radial acquisition-magnetic resonance angiography showed better visualization of treated sites and better diagnostic performance than time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography for anterior circulation aneurysms. However, Pointwise encoding time reduction with radial acquisition-magnetic resonance angiography showed limitations in the follow-up evaluation of posterior circulation aneurysms.

Field application of cost-effective sensors for the monitoring of NH3, H2S, and TVOC in environmental treatment facilities and the estimation of odor intensity.

Odor is usually a complex mixture of various compounds. In many countries, odor complaints have been addressed using the air dilution olfactory method (ADOM) to reduce their malodor complaint. In this study, continuous monitoring of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) using sensors was conducted in facilities for municipal and livestock wastewater treatment (LWT), and for food waste composting (FWC). Odor intensity was modeled by multivariate linear regression using sensor monitoring data with air dilution measured by the ADOM. In testing the performance of sensors in the lab, all three sensors showed acceptable values for linearity, accuracy, repeatability, lowest detection limit, and response time, so the sensors were acceptable for application in the field. In on-site real-time monitoring, the three sensors functioned well in the three environmental facilities during the testing period. Average ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentrations were high in the LWT facility, while TVOC showed the highest concentration in the FWC facility. A longer sampling time is necessary for ammonia monitoring. Odor intensity from individual sensor data correlated well to complex odor measured by the ADOM. Finally, we suggest a protocol for field application of sensor monitoring and odor data reproduction.Implications: We suggest a protocol for the field application of sensor monitoring and odor data estimation in this study. This study can be useful to a policy maker and field operator to reduce odor emission through the determination of a more effective treatment technology and removal pathway for individual odorants.

Comparison of the Clinical Effectiveness Between Infrared Thermography and Electrophysiology Tests in Spinal Intradural Extramedullary Schwannoma.

Objective: Subjective pain is experienced differently by each patient; therefore, modalities that can objectify subjective symptoms are useful. Electrophysiology tests and infrared (IR) thermography can present subjective symptoms in an objective manner. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of electrophysiology tests and IR thermography in patients with intradural extramedullary (IDEM) schwannoma and statistically analyze the results to verify the positive relationship between the subjective neurologic symptoms and test results. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data from 23 patients, pathologically confirmed to have IDEM spinal schwannoma after surgery between January 2012 and December 2020. All patients were preoperatively examined using IR thermography and an electrophysiology test. IR thermography was conducted again week after operation. The IR thermography results were classified as either positive or negative. Results: Radiculopathy symptoms were reported in 16 cases and myelopathy in 7 cases. Among the radiculopathy patients, 9 out of 16 (56.2%) showed positive electrophysiology test results. Among the myelopathy patients, 2 out of 7 (28.5%) showed positive electrophysiology test results. In the radiculopathy group, 15 out of 16 (93.7%) patients showed positive IR thermography results. In the myelopathy group, 2 out of 7 (28.5%) patients showed positive IR thermography results. The correlation between the IR thermography and electrophysiology test was analyzed. In the radiculopathy group, positive electrophysiology test result was obtained in 8 out of 15 (53.5%) patients with positive IR thermography result. Conclusion: In patients with IDEM schwannoma presenting radiculopathy symptoms, IR thermography is a complementary tool to objectify the neurological symptoms.